The Evolution from LLM-Centric Systems to RAG Architectures

The Core Problem: Why LLM-Only Approaches Break at Scale Early AI platforms (including ESG research systems) were built using general-purpose LLM APIs such as GPT and Perplexity. These systems: Generated research queries Retrieved information via AI-powered search Produced summarised responses Extracted structured insights Generated final reports This worked well for exploratory research and narrative outputs.…

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Agent to Agent (A2A) vs. Model Context Protocol (MCP)

MCP linkedin A2A

Agent‑to‑Agent (A2A) vs. Model Context Protocol (MCP) — what’s the difference, and how to use them in asset & wealth management. Summary MCP standardises how an AI agent connects to tools and data (filesystems, databases, SaaS) through a client‑server protocol, solving the “N×M” integration problem and enabling secure, governed access to context. Think vertical integration:…

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